Diabetic Mellitus, commonly known as Diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels. Here's a comprehensive overview:
2. Type 2
Diabetes (T2D): Body doesn't produce enough insulin or use it effectively.
3.
Gestational Diabetes: Develops during pregnancy.
4. LADA
(Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults): Combination of T1D and T2D.
5. Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY): Genetic form of diabetes.
Symptoms:
1. Increased
thirst and urination
2. Fatigue
3. Blurred
vision
4. Slow
healing wounds
5.
Tingling/numbness in hands/feet
6. Recurring skin infections
Causes and Risk Factors:
1. Genetics
2. Obesity
3. Physical inactivity
4. Insulin resistance
5. Family history
6. Age (45+)
7. Ethnicity (African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian)
Diabetes Complications
1. Cardiovascular disease
2. Nephropathy (kidney damage)
3. Neuropathy (nerve damage)
4. Retinopathy (eye damage)
5. Foot ulcers and amputation
6. Cognitive impairment
7. Hearing loss
8. Skin conditions (acanthosis nigricans, diabetic dermopathy)
Diagnosis:
1. Fasting
Plasma Glucose (FPG) test
2. Oral
Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
3. Hemoglobin
A1c (HbA1c) test
4. Random Plasma Glucose test
Treatment and Management:
1.
Medications (oral and injectable)
2. Insulin
therapy
3. Lifestyle
changes:
- Healthy diet
- Regular exercise
- Weight management
- Stress reduction
4. Monitoring blood glucose levels
Prevention:
1. Maintain
healthy weight
2. Engage in
regular physical activity
3. Eat a
balanced diet
4. Avoid
smoking
5. Manage stress
1. Blood
glucose monitoring
2. Medication
adherence
3. Healthy
eating (carb counting, meal planning)
4. Regular
exercise (aerobic, strength training)
5. Stress management (yoga, meditation)
Diabetes-Related
Conditions
2.
Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
3. Diabetic
ketoacidosis (DKA)
4.
Hypertension
5. Dyslipidemia
Diabetes and Lifestyle
1. Travel
considerations
2. Sick-day
management
3. Foot care
4. Skin care
5. Dental care
New Technologies and Research
1. Continuous
glucose monitoring (CGM)
2. Artificial
pancreas
3. Stem cell
therapy
4. Gene
editing
5. Personalized medicine
Resources
1. American
Diabetes Association (ADA)
2. Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
3. National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
4. Juvenile
Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF)
5. Diabetes support groups
Diabetes Statistics
1. 537
million adults worldwide have diabetes (IDF)
2. 1 in 5
people with diabetes don't know they have it (CDC)
3. Diabetes
is the 7th leading cause of death globally (WHO)
1. Insulin
pumps
2. Continuous
glucose monitoring (CGM)
3. Flash
glucose monitoring
4. Oral
medications (metformin, sulfonylureas)
5. Injectable
medications (GLP-1 receptor agonists)
6. Bariatric
surgery
7. Islet cell
transplantation
1.
Carbohydrate counting
2. Glycemic
index
3. Meal
planning
4. Snacking
5. Sugar
substitutes
6. Artificial
sweeteners
7. Nutrition labeling
Diabetes and Exercise
1. Aerobic
exercise (walking, jogging)
2. Resistance
training (weightlifting)
3.
High-intensity interval training (HIIT)
4. Yoga
5. Pilates
6. Swimming
7. Cycling
Diabetes and Mental Health
1. Diabetes
distress
2. Depression
3. Anxiety
4. Eating
disorders
5.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
6. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Current Research
1. Stem cell
therapy
2. Gene
editing (CRISPR)
3. Artificial
pancreas
4. Pancreatic
islet transplantation
5.
Immunotherapy
6.
Personalized medicine
7. Diabetes prevention programs
Diabetes Technologies
1. Continuous
Glucose Monitoring (CGM) systems
2. Flash
Glucose Monitoring (FGM) systems
3. Insulin
pumps
4. Smart
insulin pens
5. Mobile
apps for diabetes management
6. Artificial
intelligence (AI) for diabetes prediction
7.
Telemedicine for diabetes care
1.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
2.
Pregestational diabetes
3. Diabetes
in pregnancy complications
4.
Pregnancy-induced hypertension
5.
Preeclampsia
6. Cesarean
delivery
7. Breastfeeding with diabetes
Diabetes in Specific Populations
1. Children
and adolescents
2. Older
adults
3. Ethnic
minorities
4. Low-income
populations
5. Rural
populations
6. LGBTQ+
individuals
7. People with disabilities
Diabetes-Related Emergencies
1.
Hypoglycemic emergencies
2.
Hyperglycemic emergencies
3. Diabetic
ketoacidosis (DKA)
4.
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)
5. Severe
hypoglycemia
6. Diabetic
coma
7. Emergency preparedness
Here are some effective diabetes management tips:
Lifestyle Changes
1. Healthy
Eating: Focus on whole, unprocessed foods like vegetables, fruits, whole
grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
2. Regular
Exercise: Aim for 150 minutes/week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and
strength training.
3. Weight
Management: Maintain a healthy weight to improve insulin sensitivity.
4. Stress
Reduction: Practice yoga, meditation, or deep breathing exercises.
5. Sleep Hygiene: Aim for 7-8 hours of sleep per night.
Blood Glucose Management
1. Monitor
Blood Glucose: Check levels regularly, especially before meals and bedtime.
2. Medication
Adherence: Take medications as prescribed.
3. Insulin
Therapy: Follow insulin regimen and adjust doses as needed.
4. Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM): Consider using a CGM system.
Foot Care
1. Daily Foot Inspections: Check for cuts, cracks, or ulcers.
2. Proper
Footwear: Wear comfortable, supportive shoes.
3. Foot Hygiene: Wash feet daily and dry thoroughly.
Eye Care
1. Regular Eye Exams: Schedule annual dilated eye exams.
2. Monitor Vision Changes: Report any vision changes to your healthcare provider.
Kidney Health
1. Regular Urine Tests: Monitor kidney function.
2. Blood
Pressure Control: Manage hypertension.
3. Protein Intake: Limit protein to recommended levels.
Mental Health
1. Diabetes
Distress Screening: Discuss emotional concerns with your healthcare provider.
2. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Consider CBT for diabetes-related stress.
Travel and Sick-Day Management
1. Travel
Preparation: Pack essential medications and supplies.
2. Sick-Day
Planning: Develop a plan for managing diabetes during illness.
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